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The force function actually used is not precisely the one given in equation . Rather, the following equation is used for each component of the force required:
The factor is a friction term. The friction term has no physical basis. It is a fictional term introduced to allow the system of particles to be cooled or quenched. This term is set to a non-zero value to allow phase changes to be caused, and observed.
mcr@ccs.carleton.ca